'Out of place' fossils/artifacts
Sorting/distribution of fossils
This topic overlaps with many others:
For information about index fossils, relative dating of strata, and related claims of circular reasoning, see below.
For resources dealing generally with problems of the claim of a catastrophic global Flood, see the Flood geology page.
For information about the patterns of fossil distribution throughout (faunal succession) and within the strata, and also geographically, along with the implications for evolution or the biblical Flood, see the sorting/distribution of fossils page.
For information about the succession of changes through the strata and what they tell us about evolution, as well as resources dealing with claims about gaps in the fossil record, see the fossil record page and the transitional fossils page.
Historically, creationists have argued that there is no order to the geologic column, however many agree that there is a 'general order' but attempt to explain to explain it using 'Flood geology'.
Resources dealing with multiple claims. For resources dealing with specific claims, see below.
Article by Dave E. Matson in the TalkOrigins Archive. Also available on the Secular Web site, although a diagram is missing from this version.
Historical Development of the Current Understanding of the Geologic Column: Part I
Historical Development of the Current Understanding of the Geologic Column: Part II
By Prof. Richard Ritland. Article provided by the Geoscience Research Institute.
Video in the How Creationism Taught Me Real Science series.
Claim CD101. Entire geological column does not exist
Claim CD103: The geologic column is based on the assumption of evolution
Claim CC310: Fossils are dated from strata; strata are dated from fossils
Brief responses in the Index to Creationist Claims in the TalkOrigins Archive.
Dating Rocks and Fossils Using Geologic Methods
From Nature. Although this does not deal specifically with creationist claims, it gives very clear descriptions of how rocks are dated relatively, as well as absolutely.
Relative Rock Dating - Evidence for an Ancient World
Video by R. Joel Duff. Goes through some basics of relative rock dating using diagrams and photos. Keep watching for the fascinating 'plot twist'!
The stratigraphic column — not a figment of geologists’ imaginations
Post by Kevin Nelstead on his GeoChristian blog.
Claim CD102. The geological column is sometimes out of order
Claim CD102.1. Out-of-order strata occur at the Lewis Overthrust
Claim CD240: Experiments show that strata can violate principles of superposition
Brief responses in the Index to Creationist Claims in the TalkOrigins Archive.
Common Creationist Attacks on Geology
Article by Christopher Gregory Weber in the journal Creation/Evolution on the website of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE). Please scroll down to the 'Overthrusts' section for information relevant to this topic. Unfortunately, this part of the article has a formatting error, causing it to become entirely underlined, and the bibliography also missing; for a potentially easier-to-read version, with the bibliography, see the PDF version of the full issue in which this article appears. The relevant section starts on page 21 of the journal (page 23 of the file).
See more on the topic of the Lewis Overthrust
Claim CD110. Meteor craters are never found in deeper strata
Claim CD111. Meteorites are never found in deeper strata
Brief responses in the Index to Creationist Claims in the TalkOrigins Archive.
Article by Dave E. Matson on the Secular Web site. Also available in the TalkOrigins Archive.
Claim CH550: The geologic column was deposited by the Flood
Brief response in the Index to Creationist Claims in the TalkOrigins Archive.
The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood
Article by Glen Morton, hosted by the department of chemistry at Tufts University. It is also available here in the TalkOrigins Archive.
The Grand Canyon: Monument to an Ancient Earth: Can Noah's Flood Explain the Grand Canyon?
Book by Carol Hill, Gregg Davidson, Tim Helble, and Wayne Ranney (editors).
It uses the Grand Canyon to demonstrate geological phenomena and findings such as faunal and floral succession, trace fossils, formation of rocks, plate tectonics, uplift, fractures, and faulting, and compares mainstream and Flood geology. Extremely well presented and respectfully explained.
See more on the topic of Flood geology